Crise Économique au Nigeria : inflation Record et dévaluation du Naira

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Crise Économique au Nigeria : inflation Record et dévaluation du Naira

Les Nigérians font face à l’une des pires crises économiques en Afrique de l’Ouest depuis des années, exacerbée par une hausse historique du taux d’inflation et une chute dramatique de la monnaie locale.

Les Nigérians font face à l’une des pires crises économiques en Afrique de l’Ouest depuis des années, déclenchée par une hausse du taux d’inflation, suite à des politiques monétaires ayant entraîné une chute de la monnaie locale à un niveau historiquement bas par rapport au dollar américain, provoquant colère et manifestations à travers le pays.

Les dernières statistiques gouvernementales publiées jeudi ont montré que le taux d’inflation en janvier a atteint 29,9 %, son plus haut niveau depuis 1996, principalement en raison de la hausse des prix alimentaires et des boissons non alcoolisées.

Le naira lui-même a encore chuté à 1 524 nairas pour 1 dollar vendredi, ce qui représente une perte de valeur de 230 % au cours de la dernière année.

Cela aggrave une situation déjà difficile, réduisant davantage les revenus et les économies tout en mettant sous pression des millions de personnes déjà aux prises avec des difficultés en raison des réformes gouvernementales ayant entraîné la suppression des subventions sur le gaz, ce qui a triplé les prix du gaz et fait augmenter les tarifs des transports.

Avec une population de plus de 210 millions d’habitants, le Nigeria n’est pas seulement le pays le plus peuplé d’Afrique mais aussi la plus grande économie du continent.

Son PIB est principalement tiré par le secteur des services, tels que les technologies de l’information et la banque, suivi par le secteur industriel, comprenant les entreprises de fabrication et de transformation, puis l’agriculture.

« Tout est trop cher ; ils devraient nous aider « , a déclaré Obiajulu Blessing, mère de trois enfants, venue au marché acheter de la nourriture pour sa famille dans la capitale économique du Nigeria, Lagos.

Le défi est que l’économie est loin d’être suffisante pour la population en plein essor du Nigeria, s’appuyant fortement sur les importations pour répondre aux besoins quotidiens de ses citoyens, des voitures aux ustensiles de cuisine.

Par conséquent, elle est facilement affectée par des chocs externes tels que le marché parallèle des changes, qui détermine le prix des biens et services.

L’économie elle-même dépend fortement du pétrole brut, donc lorsque les prix du pétrole ont chuté en 2014, les autorités ont continué à utiliser les réserves de change pour stabiliser le naira malgré plusieurs taux de change.

Le pays a continué à subventionner le carburant en utilisant les précieuses réserves de change tout en fermant les frontières pour favoriser l’autosuffisance et en limitant l’accès au dollar sur le marché officiel pour les importateurs de certains articles. En conséquence, les prix alimentaires ont augmenté alors qu’un marché parallèle pour le dollar américain prospérait.

Pour la commerçante Adeniyi Bisola, il y a trop de faim.

« Pour certains, quand ils mangent le matin, ils ne mangent qu’à la nuit tombée, tandis que d’autres n’ont même pas accès à la nourriture « , a-t-elle déclaré.

Peu de temps après avoir pris les rênes du pouvoir, le président Bola Tinubu a pris des mesures audacieuses pour redresser l’économie en difficulté et attirer les investisseurs.

Il a annoncé la fin des coûteuses subventions sur le gaz, que le gouvernement a jugées non plus viables, tandis que les multiples taux de change du pays ont été unifiés pour permettre aux forces du marché de déterminer le taux de change du naira local par rapport au dollar, ce qui a dévalué la monnaie.

Cependant, les analystes disent qu’il n’y avait pas de mesures adéquates pour fournir des alternatives aux citoyens et que le gouvernement ne semble pas savoir quoi faire.

« C’est assez malheureux parce que d’une manière ou d’une autre, on a l’impression que le gouvernement n’a pas été capable de le maîtriser, et cela a augmenté, et ça continue d’augmenter en ce moment « , déclare le consultant en stratégie Dipo Oyewole.

Le président Tinubu lui-même a ordonné la libération de produits alimentaires tels que des céréales des réserves gouvernementales, entre autres palliatifs, pour aider à atténuer les effets des difficultés économiques.

Le gouvernement a également déclaré qu’il prévoyait de mettre en place un conseil des produits de base pour aider à réguler la flambée des prix des biens et services.

C’est bien pire pour certains dans les zones de conflit du nord du Nigeria où les communautés agricoles ne peuvent plus cultiver ce qu’elles mangent alors qu’elles sont obligées de fuir la violence.

Des poches de manifestations ont éclaté ces dernières semaines, mais les forces de sécurité ont été rapides à les réprimer, faisant même des arrestations dans certains cas.

Dans le hub économique de Lagos et dans d’autres grandes villes, il y a moins de voitures et plus de piétons dans les rues alors que les navetteurs sont contraints de marcher pour se rendre au travail.

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