Les médersas de Fès, héritage séculaire et berceau des premières cités universitaires

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Les médersas de Fès, héritage séculaire et berceau des premières cités universitaires

Fès – Au cœur de l’ancienne médina de Fès, véritable dédale de ruelles pavées et de maisons traditionnelles, se dressent des joyaux architecturaux d’une beauté à couper le souffle.

Ce sont les médersas, ces anciennes écoles coraniques qui ont joué un rôle central dans la diffusion du savoir et de la connaissance à travers les siècles. Classée patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO, la ville de Fès abrite onze de ces établissements d’enseignement, témoins muets d’un riche passé intellectuel et culturel.

Dès le 13ème siècle, Fès est devenue un haut lieu de l’érudition, attirant des savants et des penseurs de renom tels qu’Ibn Khaldoun, le pape Sylvestre II ou encore le philosophe juif Maïmonide.

Ces esprits brillants ont contribué à faire de la ville un creuset d’idées et de théories, où les disciplines les plus variées étaient enseignées et débattues avec passion.

Parmi les médersas les plus célèbres figurent Al Bou Inaniya, Al Sabaiyn, Al Misbahiya, Sahrij, Al Mohammadia et Seffarine, datant des 13ème et 14ème siècles.

Récemment réhabilitées par l’Agence de Développement et de Réhabilitation de Fès (ADER), ces anciennes écoles ont retrouvé leur splendeur d’antan et accueillent à nouveau des étudiants avides de connaissances.

L’harmonie des lignes et la richesse des décorations au sein de ces structures témoignent de l’apogée artistique atteinte par le Maroc à cette époque, rivalisant avec les réalisations du Machrek et d’Al Andalous.

L’agencement des salles autour d’une cour centrale, typique de l’architecture des médersas, rappelle les célèbres écoles du Caire. Ce modèle architectural, alliant esthétique et fonctionnalité, a permis aux étudiants de bénéficier d’un cadre propice à l’étude des fondements de la religion, tout en leur offrant un logement confortable.

Selon le professeur d’histoire et président de l’association des enseignants sociologues de Fès, Abdelfettah Dobli Bennani, les médersas ont joué un rôle primordial sous le règne des Mérinides, période faste durant laquelle plus de trente-cinq de ces établissements d’enseignement ont vu le jour, dont une dizaine rien que dans la ville de Fès.

M. Bennani souligne, dans une déclaration à la MAP, que cette floraison de médersas à Fès n’est pas anodine, la cité idrisside abritant la prestigieuse Université Al Quaraouiyine, véritable phare du savoir attirant des étudiants de tous horizons. Face à cet afflux studieux, la construction de nouvelles écoles devenait indispensable pour répondre aux besoins en salles de classe et en logements étudiants, faisant de ces médersas les toutes premières « cités universitaires » de l’histoire.

Mais au-delà de cette vocation première d’enseignement, les médersas jouaient également un rôle clé au sein de l’État mérinide en servant de cadres de réflexion sur les questions juridiques et religieuses, tout en formant les futurs cadres administratifs et religieux dont avait besoin la dynastie régnante.

Aujourd’hui, ces vénérables médersas, ayant traversé les âges avec une résilience remarquable, s’intègrent harmonieusement dans le tissu patrimonial de la médina de Fès.

Elles constituent une attraction majeure pour les touristes en quête d’authenticité et de beauté, mais aussi un lien vivant avec un riche passé intellectuel et culturel. Grâce aux efforts de préservation et de valorisation, ces joyaux architecturaux continueront de briller, témoins éternels de l’héritage scientifique et artistique, combien riche, de la cité idrisside.

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